Mcdonalds Essays (2045 words) - Marketing, Management, Business

Mcdonalds I Introduction II Differentiation III Product Differentiation A. Variety B. Quality C. Taste D. Size E. Price IV Service differentiation a. Ordering ease 1. At Mcdonalds 2. Drive through b. Delivery 1. A home delivery c. Miscellaneous services V Personnel Differentiation d. Competence e. Courtesy f. Credibility g. Reliability h. Responsiveness i. Communication VI Image Differentiation A. Symbol B. Media C. Atmosphere Conclusion I. Introduction: We have come to a time where the competitions between firms is getting more aggressive than ever before therefore every company has to have a certain weapon to defend itself or to gain new markets. This project is about the differentiation tools used by the McDonlads Company and how it uses it resources to gain a competitive advantage and to be the leader in the market II. Differentiation It is the act of designing a set of meaningful differences top distinguish the companys offering from competitors offering. The number of differentiation opportunities varies with the type of industry: 1.volume industry: one in which companies can gain on only a few but rather large, competitive advantage. In the construction-equipment industry, a company can strive for the low cost position or the highly differentiated position and win big on either basis. Profitability is correlated with company size and Market share. 2.stalemated industry: one in which the are a few potential competitive advantages and each is small. Profitability is unrelated to the market share 3.fragmented industry (applied on our case):one which companies face many opportunities for differentiation, but each opportunity for competitive advantage is small. Both small and large companies profitable or unprofitable. 4.specialized industry: one in which companies face many differentiation opportunities, and each differentiation can have a high payoff, some small companies can be profitable as some large companies. III. Product differentiation: Physical products vary in their potential for differentiation .at one extreme we find product that allow little variation ex:(chicken) .At the other extreme products there are products which are capable of high differentiation :(cars). A. Variety It is how many products the company produces and for how long does have to be in the market before we can introduce new ones. It depends on how long the products are in the market. In a new market, we prefer not to have too much in order to be consistent with the public knowledge. Few products at first is always a better strategy. I.e.: Big, quarter, pounder, filet o fish. Eventually you introduce more products (Mc royal, Mc feats, Double cheeseburger after a certain period when the people are familiar with the old product (Happy meal) B. Quality It is the quality of the product and what are the steps taken by the firm to have the maximum quality using the available resources \ When you start with few products this increase the quality Quality requires several needs. Purchasing a product has to be done in a very organized way and it has to pass all the health procedures. We conduct a training program for all the crew in the kitchen (back area) so we can make sure that they have good sanity and the have the knowledge of the all the required measurements. All this makes sure that quality is food C. Taste Is how the consumer perceive the product even he likes it or not and if he things that it needs improvement or not We get the right ingredients and the right portions of ingredients either locally made or imported to make sure that we are serving the right product and the same taste expected worldwide In some countries after a few years (never at the beginning) we try to offer special product with local taste (spicy chicken & burger in Egypt, Japan with Japanese sauce, China with sweat and sour.) We try to adapt to the local taste in few items and to keep our international flavor as well D. Size Either the company has a size standard and how does it respect it or It doesnt have a standard and how does It act due to this situation We have standard size internationally and we have to respect it, but we do have bigger size (Big Mac) we try to offer the force flavor (local taste) in a bigger sandwich to give more value to the consumer (Upsize your Combo). Size is very important, The more the client pay in a Big size the more it is profitable as we save more on paper cost. The more the size is bigger the more we save cost. E. Price Price is he selling

Fusion Definition (Physics and Chemistry)

Fusion Definition (Physics and Chemistry) The term fusion refers to key concepts in science, but the definition depends on whether that science is physics, chemistry, or biology. In its most general sense, fusion refers to synthesis or to the joining of two parts. Here are the different meanings of fusion in science: Key Takeaways: Fusion Definition in Science Fusion has several meaning in science. In general, they all refer to the joining of two parts to form a new product.The most common definition, used in physical science, refers to nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the combination of two or more atomic nuclei to form one or more different nuclei. In other words, it is a form of transmutation that changes one element into another.In nuclear fusion, the mass of the product nucleus or nuclei is lower than the combined mass of the original nuclei. This is due to the effect of binding energy within the nuclei. Energy is required to force the nuclei together and energy is released when new nuclei form.Nuclear fusion may be either an endothermic or exothermic process, depending on the mass of the initial elements. Fusion Definitions in Physics and Chemistry Fusion means combining lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. Energy is absorbed or released by the process and the resulting nucleus is lighter than the combined masses of the two original nuclei added together. This type of fusion may be termed nuclear fusion. The reverse reaction, in which a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, is called nuclear fission.Fusion may refer to the phase transition from a solid to a light via melting. The reason the process is called fusion is because the heat of fusion is the energy required for a solid to become a liquid at that substances melting point.Fusion is name of a welding process used to join two thermoplastic pieces together. This process may also be called heat fusion. Fusion Definition in Biology and Medicine Fusion is the process by which uninuclear cells combine to form a multinuclear cell. This process is also known as cell fusion.Gene fusion is the formation of a hybrid gene from two separate genes. The event may occur as the result of a chromosomal inversion, translocation, or interstitial deletion.Tooth fusion is an abnormality characterized by the joining of two teeth.Spinal fusion is a surgical technique that combines two or more vertebrate. The procedure is also known as spondylodesis  or  spondylosyndesis. The most common reason for the procedure is to relieve pain and pressure on the spinal cord.Binaural fusion is the cognitive process through which auditory information from both ears is combined.Binocular fusion is the cognitive process through which visual information is combined from both eyes. Which Definition to Use Because fusion can refer to so many processes, its a good idea to use the most specific term for a purpose. For example, when discussing the combination of atomic nuclei, its better to refer to nuclear fusion rather than simply fusion. Otherwise, its usually obvious which definition applies when used in the context of a discipline. Nuclear Fusion More often than not, the term refers to nuclear fusion, which is the nuclear reaction between two or more atomic nuclei to form one or more different atomic nuclei. The reason the mass of the products is different from the mass of the reactants is due to the binding energy between atomic nuclei. If the fusion process results in a nucleus lighter in mass than the isotopes iron-56 or nickel-62, the net result will be an energy release. In other words, this type of fusion is exothermic. This is because the lighter elements have the largest binding energy per nucleon and the smallest mass per nucleon. On the other hand, fusion of heavier elements is endothermic. This may surprise readers who automatically assume nuclear fusion releases a lot of energy. With heavier nuclei, nuclear fission is exothermic. The significance of this is that heavier nuclei are much more fissionable than fusible, while lighter nuclei are more fusible than fissionable. Heavy, unstable nuclei are susceptible to spontaneous fission. Stars fuse lighter nuclei into heavier nuclei, but it takes incredible energy (as from a supernova) to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron!

Answers to Questions in Astronomy Essay Example for Free

Answers to Questions in Astronomy Essay 1. How do astronomers measure the distances to galaxies and how does that allow the sizes, luminosities and masses of galaxies to be determined? A distance indicator is an object within a galaxy that functions as a marker to that galaxy. It may be a Cepheid star, globular cluster, H II region, planetary nebula or supernova. The distance to a galaxy, especially if it is very far away, is approximated by employing the Hubble Law which is expressed as Recession Velocity (Vr) = Hubble’s Constant (H) x distance (d). After obtaining the distance, it is possible to determine diameter through the small angle formula and luminosity from distance and apparent magnitude where both formulas are derived equations (Garber). Meanwhile mass can be estimated in three ways. Rotation curves reveal the calculation of rotational velocities for varying distances from the galactic center so that once distance and velocity are known, mass can be obtained (Garber). Another is through the cluster method which focuses on the motion of a galaxy within a galactic cluster. The size of the galaxy as well as range of velocity determines the total mass of the cluster (Garber). The third is through the velocity dispersion method where the spectra of the galaxy are used to approximate mass. Broad spectral lines indicate high velocity which in turns suggests a large mass (Garber). 2. Discuss how individual stars and the shapes of galaxies are affected by collisions. As a galaxy approaches another in a collision, the gravitational fields of the stars in each of them start to interweave and the resulting powerful tidal forces disturb and radically alter the shape of the galaxy, similar to the manner in which the gravitational pull of the moon causes the tide to rise in regions of the earth nearest to it but magnified a thousand times. A collision initiates the formation of tidal tails, bars or rings and colliding gas clouds produce knots of newly formed blue stars while the nucleus of the galaxy becomes deformed (sciencedaily.com). On the other hand, when stars collide, they merge together as one star that displays unusual brightness and heat relative to age so that they become very prominent in their globular cluster. These stars are referred to as â€Å"blue stragglers†. When stars increase in age and use up their hydrogen, they become cooler, less massive and red in color but through collisions, they obtain extra mass causing them to turn blue (Masters). This permits them to remain longer in the main sequence – the phase in a star’s life where it burns its hydrogen. 3. Explain the differences between the three types of galaxies and what happens to change their shape. An elliptical galaxy is rounded or oval in shape, do not have visible gas and dust or bright, hot stars and consists of population II stars. Elliptical galaxies are also surrounded by globular clusters. A spiral galaxy has a disc component, consists of both populations of stars, exhibits a nucleus and may have arms with differing orientations (Garber). An irregular galaxy does not present a regular pattern and includes new and old stars alike. Galactic interaction, collision and merging, which involve the effects of the gravitational fields of galaxies, are the primary events that change the shape of galaxies. The subsequent structure depends on both the type of the galaxies involved and the directions of their orbits (Keel). Collision, mentioned earlier, may not result in a merger if both galaxies have enough force to continue moving away from each other after the event. Galaxies are said to be interacting when they do not collide but both their gravitational attractions cause distortion and exchange of gas and dust (astro.umd.edu). In interactions that occur at slow speeds and involve galaxies with unequal masses, spiral formations may assume irregular-lenticular shapes (Than). Gases being pulled to the central region, as a result of tidal disturbances, clear away the spiral configuration, leaving behind a disk structure. The most drastic interaction is the merging of two galaxies and occurs when they collide but lose their momentum to slide past one another. Instead, they fall back into each other and unite into one galaxy, losing their original shapes in the process (astro.umd.edu). When a significantly more massive galaxy collides and merges with a smaller one in a type of interaction known as galactic cannibalism, the bigger galaxy does not exhibit a visible change in shape but the less massive galaxy is ripped apart, loses its shape and becomes integrated into the bigger one. Answers to Questions in Astronomy. (2016, Nov 07).

Contemporary responses by the criminal justice system towards victims Essay

Contemporary responses by the criminal justice system towards victims and witnesses of crime - Essay Example Because most of the documented crime reported to the police by victims and/or witnesses, they evidently have a crucial role to play in the process of dispensing justice, especially in those cases where in the accused denies any culpability. Maybe unexpectedly, considering its reliance on the eagerness of victims and/or witnesses to cooperate, the response of the CJS towards victims and/or witnesses has beforehand been described, at least in common law systems, by disregard and every so often by careless and unsympathetic treatment. Nevertheless, recently, a string of victim-oriented programmes has been launched in the United Kingdom. This essay argues that victims and witnesses nowadays enjoy a much greater role and importance in the criminal justice system than in the earlier periods. The investigation by the Victims’ Champion for the Ministry of Justice of the response of the CJS to the victims and witnesses emphasised in its statement: â€Å"A great deal of positive work h as been done to improve the support available for victims and witnesses but there is still a disparity between policy and reality for victims† (Easton & Piper, 2012, p. 188). ... n three phases: the years related to the growth of compensation, 1960-75; the years related to the growth of particular programmes to assist victims and witnesses, 1975-80; and the era from the 1980s when victim assistance initiatives were established and a greater participation of victims and witnesses in the CJS was called for (Easton & Piper, 2012, pp. 188-189; Hostettler, 2009). The support for victims and witnesses in recent times has had two quite distinct features: first, it may be considered a victims’ welfare model, while the other procedure is to grant victims importance to affect results. Victims’ needs were firmly highlighted in Criminal Justice: The Way Ahead. Victims have been granted the opportunity to give a personal report to the court describing the impacts of the crime on their lives. In April 2006, a Code of Practice for the Victims of Crime was ratified (Easton & Piper, 2012, p. 189; Wahidin & Carr, 2013; Dignan, 2005). Nevertheless, in order to dem onstrate how the response of the criminal justice system to victims and witnesses within the criminal justice system has improved in the contemporary period, it is important to look at the victims’ status within the CJS during the earlier periods. In particular, the ‘era of victim disenfranchisement’ emerged in the 19th century, roughly at the same time as the state started to take on the prime obligation for the trial of criminals instead of handing over the task to prosecution bodies, or to victims and witnesses themselves, as in the earlier period (Dignan, 2005, p. 63; Comwell, 2008). According to Comwell (2008), this reassignment of duties co-occurred with the launching of specialised law enforcement, whose duty was to investigate crimes and put alleged criminals on trial. Theoretically,

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy Essay

Whether the Death Penalty is a Desirable Policy - Essay Example Apparently, death penalty is a controversial debate, with both opposing camps presenting strong positions aimed at justifying their claim. Possibly, no one would like to stand on the neutral ground to advocate for both, or none. The major contention is whether death penalty is a desirable policy for the government to implement. Notably, death penalty curtails the rights to life, which the constitution guarantees (Coughlin, 2004, p.99). The human rights activists have played an aggressive role in making sure that the governments abolish all constitutional provisions and by-laws, which promote death penalty, a move that is prevalence in most parts of the world. In reality, most international studies have shown that death penalty has ceased to be the preferred method of controlling crime (Coughlin, 2004, p.47). Therefore, most governments have shifted their attention to other methods of dealing with crime, without resorting to capital punishment. For this essay, the focus is on whether the death penalty is a desirable policy, while comparing the position in the United Kingdom and in Malaysia. Notably, the 10th day of October each year is marked worldwide, as â€Å"the day against death penalty† (Piket, 2011, p.1). In essence, the day is marked with campaigns and conferences to create awareness on the need to abolish death penalty. This aims at achieving the EU’s goal of eliminating the practice in all countries worldwide. The Position of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom According to the government’s death penalty strategy of 2010, â€Å"The United Kingdom Opposes the death penalty in all circumstances as a matter of principle because we believe it undermines human dignity; there is no conclusive evidence of its deterrent value; and any miscarriage of justice leading to its imposition is irreversible and irreparable† (Hammel, 2011, p.235). The statement is indeed bold and encompasses many aspects about the value of a human being. In the strategy paper, one realizes that the U.K government does not have any provision to warrant any person to terminate the life of another, under all circumstances (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Precisely, this shows the government’s commitment to eradicating any legal right to sentence an individual to death. In addition, the U.K government cites that the practice does not guarantee human dignity (Hammel, 2011, p.235). Here, it reveals something very important, that is the human dignity. Terminating one’s life is like denying him/her the fundamental right to life, which is basic to all human beings. Perhaps, the U.K government realized that man does not create life, therefore, does not have the authority to terminate it. This implies that there should be alternative means of executing punishment to offenders other than subjecting them to death (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Still considering the statement, the government noted that none has ever verified that imposing death penal ty causes deterrent behavior. In fact, many studies have concluded that despite the increasing number of criminals being killed, the executions have not deterred others from joining such crimes (Hammel, 2011, p.236). Therefore, it is clear that imposing death penalty on criminals would be a deterrent to their behavior until an agreeable means of intervention, which is friendlier, is adopted. In addition, the government underscores the need to preserve life, indicating that misuse of justice, whose consequence terminates one’s life, is permanent and cannot be altered by all means (Yorke, 2009, p.207). Truly, once a criminal has been executed, he/she cannot be brought back to life. It seems as if the United Kingdom’

Video game and violent movies Essay Example for Free

Video game and violent movies Essay Patel 2 Many teenagers watch under age T. V. that is violent. These children are too young to be watching violent T. V. or the little kids are watching their parents watching violent T. V. Much of this violent T. V. affects the children by the way they act and the way they think. After watching violent T. V. shows most children develop terrible social skills, poor grades, and aggression towards others. The children that are allowed to watch these shows don’t view it as bad. By watching violent T. V. shows they forget what is right and wrong in the world and don’t know what is good for them or what is bad for them. These violent T. V. shows emerged with the new technology unknown to viewers, but the children take it as if it is good for them. Some of the positive effects are it helps kids learn by watching educational television programs. When the parents watching violent movies in front of their kids the parents don’t realize that this is affecting the children. â€Å" Media is the most ubiquitous source of violence encountered by the majority of children. (Erwin, Pg. 105). † The government had created a strengthen the reflexes of military personnel. The creators of video games base their games on the violent movies and TV shows. Many third party game inventors came out with poor quality games. In the 1990’s home video game use had increased and arcade play had decreased, the release of violent games had also begun. The professional teams trained coders who watch samples from the recorded television and they try to see if it is violent or not. All violence tends to be treated in the same way by a content analysis. (Gunter, Harrison Pg. 76)† More and more parents begin to see that these violent games aren’t just bad for their children, but are causing problems in the community. â€Å"Before young children even enter kindergarten they are exposed to over 4,000 hours of television viewing and by the time they Patel 3 leave elementary school children will have witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence on just television alone. (Erwin, Levin Pg. 105). † By looking at these numbers the amount of violent the T. V. channels produce I think they need to make kids show a little less violent than they do. When the kids get older they will have gone through a lot more violence than anyone so there are chances that through out there life time they will do something violent. The kids learn to fight from violent video games or by watching violent T. V. shows. â€Å"In a study examining violence in over 2,700 television programs across 23 channels of broadcast networks, public broadcasting, and cable, Wilson et al found that nearly 7 out of 10 children’s shows contain some type of physical aggression. (Erwin Pg. 501)†. As Erwin said in the last research in 2002 nearly 2,700 T. V. programs have some sort of violent most of them were seen by kids and their family. The kids show have some violence as well and out of that 7 out of 10 children’s show contain physical aggression. Violent video games are a very large problem with many generations today. Children who see a lot of violence are more likely to view violence as an effective way to settling conflicts. By watching all the violent stuff not only will the children act differently but when they begin to see real violent actions they will appear emotionless and unfazed because of all the built up viewing time. The children that play teen rated video games see many things in these violent world of movie industries: Intense violence, Sexual Content, Use if drugs and illegal substances, and lots of blood. In many video games today violence is viewed from a first person point of view. â€Å"Courts have refused to hold media corporations liable for the violent content of child-entertainment products, but many legal commentators have argued for an expansion of the law. Patel 4 (Proman Pg. 427-28)† The decision taken by the court is not accurate because the violence that the children learn is from the T. V. shows so they should be charged or fined for making violent shows for little kids.

Class, Socialization, and Politics Essay -- Political Socialization an

Elections are at the core of the American political system. They are the way we choose our government, the source of government authority, and a means by which the people can influence public policy. For most Americans, voting is the only form of political participation. Essential questions to ask concerning these issues are: Who votes and why? What influences people to become voters? And what influences how they vote? It is important to approach these issues from a sociological standpoint addressing such matters as socialization and social stratification. Socialization is a gradual process that takes place as we grow up. It is the process that aids in developing attitudes and opinions that allow us get along within a society. These beliefs affect the political views we hold later in life. Through social agencies such as family, schools, peers, and media we become aware of social rules and develop a social identity. (Introduction to Sociology Pg. 96) A product of this development is political socialization, which is the process of learning political attitudes and behaviors. The idea of political socialization helps in providing the answers to the questions concerning who votes. It aids in explaining how and why people participate in politics. The strongest agent in political socialization is the family. What this means is that most children adopt beliefs similar to those held by their parents. Therefore most people will believe in and vote for issues that are important to members of their family’s. The extent to which an individ ual is involved in the political process is shaped by his or her family’s level of involvement. For example, a child is less likely to vote if they are raised by parents who don’t regularly go to the polls on Election Day. Children of course, don’t always copy their parents’ political learning’s, but are often heavily influenced by them. As a result, most people end up favoring the political party that their parents generally identify with. Social Characteristics also affect how an individual will participate in politics. Whether a person is young or old, black or white, rich or poor, northerner or southerner will have a heavy impact on his or her political opinions and behavior. Class may be just as important in shaping people’s political opinions and behaviors. The term social class refers to one of the systems of structured... ...rank of middle class tend to have a much lower level of involvement in politics while those who rise above the line feel quite the opposite. Granted there will be deviant cases that can on some level disprove these theories. But on the grand scale, class remains as the supreme cause of such severe division among the attitudes expressed by the American people. Bibliography 1.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hammond, John L. The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1979. 2.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doppelt, Jack C. and Shearer, Ellen. Non-Voters: America’s No Shows. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc., 1999 3.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bailey Jr., Harry A. and Katz, Ellis. Ethnic Group Politics. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1969. 4.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Houtman, Dick. Class and Politics in Contemporary Social Science. New York: Walter de Gruyter Inc., 2003. 5.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catt, Helena. Voting Behavior: A Radical Critique. London: Leicester University Press, 1996. 6.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, and Appelbaum, Richard P. Introduction to Sociology: Fourth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2003.

Case Study/Research Paper of Mergers Icici and Icici Bank

————————————————- case study ————————————————- MERGER DEAl: ————————————————- icici with icici bank merger For Mergers and Acquisitions in the BANKING SECTOR AAKANKSHA KUMAR * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ICICI- Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI) was founded by the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of private industry on 5 January, 1995. The objective was to encourage and assist industrial development and investment in India. Over the years, ICICI has evolved into a diversified financial institution.ICICI’s principal business activities include project finance, infrastructure finance, corporate finance , securitization, leasing, deferred credit, consultancy services and custodial services. It has set up specialised subsidiaries in the areas of commercial banking, investment banking, non banking finance, investor servicing broking, venture capital finance and state level infrastructure financing from where the group draws its strength. ICICI BANK- ICICI Bank was set up by the ICICI group as a commercial banking outfit on 5 January, 1994 and received its banking license from the RBI on 17 May, 1994.The first branch of ICICI Bank was started in Chennai in June 1994 and by 31 March, 1999 and before the merger it had 64 branches across the country. From the beginning the branches were fully computerised with state-of-the-art technology and systems and networked through VSAT technology. It offered a wide spectrum of domestic and international banking services to facilitate trade, investment, cross-border business and treasury and foreign exchange services. This is in addition to a whole range of deposit services offered to individuals and corporate bodies.ICICI Bank’s ‘Infinity’ was the first Internet banking service in the country. Currently the Bank has around 350000 customers. * ABOUT THE MERGER After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking Industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank decided to go for the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank which would be beneficial for both entities and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI group’s universal banking strategy.In October 2001, the Board of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002,by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002.ICICI Limited merged with ICICI Bank Limited on 30 March 2002, with the swap ratio of 2 ICICI Shares for 1 share of ICICI Bank Limited. With this merger, the second largest Bank in India was born. RBI had given approval for the reverse merger of ICICI Ltd. with its banking arm ICICI Bank. ICICI Bank with Rs. 1 lakh crore asset base bank is second only to State Bank of India, which is well over Rs. 3 lakh crore in size. RBI also cleared the merger of two ICICI subsidiaries. FOR ICICI THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Increasing the speed in financing long-term projects 2.Obtaining access to cheaper funds for lending 3. Increasing its appeal to investors for raising capital base needed to write off bad loans 4. Competing more effectively in the retail finance market dominated by banks FOR ICICI BANK THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Expanding geographically 2. Utilising l arge capital base of ICICI 3. Gaining brand equity from the strong brand of ICICI 4. Deriving benefits from ICICI’s well established corporate relationship * CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY THE RBI BEFORE GIVING THE APPROVAL FOR THE MERGER (i) Compliance with Reserve Requirements The ICICI Bank Ltd. ould comply with the Cash Reserve Requirements (under Section 42 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934) and Statutory Liquidity Reserve Requirements (under Section 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) as applicable to banks on the net demand and time liabilities of the bank, inclusive of the liabilities pertaining to ICICI Ltd. from the date of merger (ii) Appointment of Directors The bank should ensure compliance with Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, concerning granting of loans to the companies in which directors of such companies are also directors. iii) Conditions relating to Swap Ratio As the proposed merger is between a banking company and a financial institution, all matters connected with shareholding including the swap ratio, will be governed by the provisions of Companies Act, 1956, as provided (iv) Subsidiaries While taking over the subsidiaries of ICICI Ltd. after merger, the bank should ensure that the activities of the subsidiaries comply with the requirements of permissible activities to be undertaken by a bank under Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Section 19 (1) of the Act ibid. v) Preference Share Capital Section 12 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 requires that capital of a banking company shall consist of ordinary shares only (except preference share issued before 1944). * BENEFITS OF MERGER Through the merger, ICICI Bank became India’s 1st universal bank that is, one-stop shop financial services in India and acquired large market share of retail banking and offered a complete range of banking products. 1. Optimum utilisation of human capital 2.Improved ability to further diversity asset portfolio and business revenues 3. Reduced costs of funds 4. Availability of more float money due to active participation in the payment system 5. Diversified fund raising due to access to retail funds 6. Leveraged the ICICI’s capital and client base in terms of increase in fee income 7. Improved profitability by leveraging technology and low cost structure 8. Access to ICICI group’s talent pool and thereby development of human resource at lower costs. * PROBLEMS FACED . The risk of failure to obtain government and other approvals of the merger as per planned. 2. The risk of failure of the High Courts of Mumbai and Gujarat to approve the scheme of Amalgamation. 3. The risk of business which may not be integrated as smooth as planned. 4. Merger of ICICI Ltd and ICICI bank making it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, employees and suppliers. 5. The risk of new and changing regulation and unfavourable political support or other developments in Indian and internatio nal markets. CONCLUSION The swap ratio was based on the valuations and recommendations of investment bankers. The merger ratio was set as two ICICI shares for every ICICI Bank share that is one equity share of ICICI Bank was swapped for two equity shares of ICICI. The merger brought operational strategies both in terms of economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale achieved through increase in business volumes at lower operating costs and deployment of latest technology. Economies of scope were achieved through enlarged product range.FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ICICI AND ICICI BANK AFTER MERGER ICICI Ltd Profit to equity holders increased by 16% 21% increase in Indian GAAP consolidated profits ICICI BANK There was always an increase seen in the profits after the merger The merger took place in 2002 and its 2013 now the merger has successfully completed 11 years which shows that the merger created a strong entity, which will redefine banking in the highly competitive era of globali sation and liberalisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY * www. google. com * www. economictimes. com Case Study/Research Paper of Mergers Icici and Icici Bank ————————————————- case study ————————————————- MERGER DEAl: ————————————————- icici with icici bank merger For Mergers and Acquisitions in the BANKING SECTOR AAKANKSHA KUMAR * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ICICI- Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI) was founded by the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of private industry on 5 January, 1995. The objective was to encourage and assist industrial development and investment in India. Over the years, ICICI has evolved into a diversified financial institution.ICICI’s principal business activities include project finance, infrastructure finance, corporate finance , securitization, leasing, deferred credit, consultancy services and custodial services. It has set up specialised subsidiaries in the areas of commercial banking, investment banking, non banking finance, investor servicing broking, venture capital finance and state level infrastructure financing from where the group draws its strength. ICICI BANK- ICICI Bank was set up by the ICICI group as a commercial banking outfit on 5 January, 1994 and received its banking license from the RBI on 17 May, 1994.The first branch of ICICI Bank was started in Chennai in June 1994 and by 31 March, 1999 and before the merger it had 64 branches across the country. From the beginning the branches were fully computerised with state-of-the-art technology and systems and networked through VSAT technology. It offered a wide spectrum of domestic and international banking services to facilitate trade, investment, cross-border business and treasury and foreign exchange services. This is in addition to a whole range of deposit services offered to individuals and corporate bodies.ICICI Bank’s ‘Infinity’ was the first Internet banking service in the country. Currently the Bank has around 350000 customers. * ABOUT THE MERGER After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking Industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank decided to go for the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank which would be beneficial for both entities and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI group’s universal banking strategy.In October 2001, the Board of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002,by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002.ICICI Limited merged with ICICI Bank Limited on 30 March 2002, with the swap ratio of 2 ICICI Shares for 1 share of ICICI Bank Limited. With this merger, the second largest Bank in India was born. RBI had given approval for the reverse merger of ICICI Ltd. with its banking arm ICICI Bank. ICICI Bank with Rs. 1 lakh crore asset base bank is second only to State Bank of India, which is well over Rs. 3 lakh crore in size. RBI also cleared the merger of two ICICI subsidiaries. FOR ICICI THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Increasing the speed in financing long-term projects 2.Obtaining access to cheaper funds for lending 3. Increasing its appeal to investors for raising capital base needed to write off bad loans 4. Competing more effectively in the retail finance market dominated by banks FOR ICICI BANK THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Expanding geographically 2. Utilising l arge capital base of ICICI 3. Gaining brand equity from the strong brand of ICICI 4. Deriving benefits from ICICI’s well established corporate relationship * CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY THE RBI BEFORE GIVING THE APPROVAL FOR THE MERGER (i) Compliance with Reserve Requirements The ICICI Bank Ltd. ould comply with the Cash Reserve Requirements (under Section 42 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934) and Statutory Liquidity Reserve Requirements (under Section 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) as applicable to banks on the net demand and time liabilities of the bank, inclusive of the liabilities pertaining to ICICI Ltd. from the date of merger (ii) Appointment of Directors The bank should ensure compliance with Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, concerning granting of loans to the companies in which directors of such companies are also directors. iii) Conditions relating to Swap Ratio As the proposed merger is between a banking company and a financial institution, all matters connected with shareholding including the swap ratio, will be governed by the provisions of Companies Act, 1956, as provided (iv) Subsidiaries While taking over the subsidiaries of ICICI Ltd. after merger, the bank should ensure that the activities of the subsidiaries comply with the requirements of permissible activities to be undertaken by a bank under Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Section 19 (1) of the Act ibid. v) Preference Share Capital Section 12 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 requires that capital of a banking company shall consist of ordinary shares only (except preference share issued before 1944). * BENEFITS OF MERGER Through the merger, ICICI Bank became India’s 1st universal bank that is, one-stop shop financial services in India and acquired large market share of retail banking and offered a complete range of banking products. 1. Optimum utilisation of human capital 2.Improved ability to further diversity asset portfolio and business revenues 3. Reduced costs of funds 4. Availability of more float money due to active participation in the payment system 5. Diversified fund raising due to access to retail funds 6. Leveraged the ICICI’s capital and client base in terms of increase in fee income 7. Improved profitability by leveraging technology and low cost structure 8. Access to ICICI group’s talent pool and thereby development of human resource at lower costs. * PROBLEMS FACED . The risk of failure to obtain government and other approvals of the merger as per planned. 2. The risk of failure of the High Courts of Mumbai and Gujarat to approve the scheme of Amalgamation. 3. The risk of business which may not be integrated as smooth as planned. 4. Merger of ICICI Ltd and ICICI bank making it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, employees and suppliers. 5. The risk of new and changing regulation and unfavourable political support or other developments in Indian and internatio nal markets. CONCLUSION The swap ratio was based on the valuations and recommendations of investment bankers. The merger ratio was set as two ICICI shares for every ICICI Bank share that is one equity share of ICICI Bank was swapped for two equity shares of ICICI. The merger brought operational strategies both in terms of economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale achieved through increase in business volumes at lower operating costs and deployment of latest technology. Economies of scope were achieved through enlarged product range.FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ICICI AND ICICI BANK AFTER MERGER ICICI Ltd Profit to equity holders increased by 16% 21% increase in Indian GAAP consolidated profits ICICI BANK There was always an increase seen in the profits after the merger The merger took place in 2002 and its 2013 now the merger has successfully completed 11 years which shows that the merger created a strong entity, which will redefine banking in the highly competitive era of globali sation and liberalisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY * www. google. com * www. economictimes. com

The Importance of Logistics in Providing

Logistics involves controlling and managing the movement of goods and services, information and products from the point where they are produced up to the market place.   In other words, it deals with the information and physical flows of the raw materials to the final distribution of finished products.   Logistics also involves the management of information and storage of materials, parts of the finished goods in the chains of supply, through procurement stages, work-in-progress to the final distribution. According to cooper (1994), the goal of logistics is to maximize future and current profitability in order to acquire customer satisfaction and also satisfying their orders through the cost effective analysis (Rushton, Oxley & Croucher, 2000). Customer service and Logistics Majority of today’s companies consider customer service as a very crucial phenomenon in their businesses.   In the past customer service was mainly based on the needs of the customer without taking in consideration what real requirements or even the perceptions of these customers.   It is therefore necessary to comprehend the customer requirements and service will always differ not only between industries and companies but also between the market segments that a business might seem to have (Rushton, Oxley & Croucher, 2000). Complexity of the provision of customer service is also another important requirement that needs to be noted and understood clearly.   This is because customer service links the processes of logistics and distribution and many influences relevant to customer service may evolve within these processes; such as the range from ease of ordering stock that is available to the reliability of delivery. It is also important to balance the cost of provision with the level of service provided.   High costs of providing customer service that is even greater than what a customer actually requires has resulted in the downfall of many service offerings in companies. Therefore, the key to attaining quality and successful customer service policy is through the development of appropriate policies and objectives which involves liaison with these customers.   It is also important to monitor, control and measure all the set up procedures (Rushton, Oxley & Croucher, 2000). The components of the logistics customer service may be identified as a transaction –related elements with emphasis being placed on specific service that is provided for instance on time delivery.   It may also be viewed as functional attributes related to the entire aspects consisting of the order fulfillment such as taking of orders. In order to reflect the timing and nature of particular service requirements transaction elements are usually put into three categories: Pre-transaction elements, transaction elements and post-transaction elements. Pre-transaction elements consist of customer service factors brought about as a result of the actual transaction that takes place. They involve: accessibility of order personnel, method of ordering, system flexibility, written customer service policy single order contact point, transaction elements organizational structure and order size constraints. Transaction elements on the other hand are the elements that are related to those other elements mostly concerned with logistics and distribution.   These elements include: delivery of complete order, delivery time, order preparation, delivery reliability, order cycle time, availability of inventory, condition of goods, order status information and delivery alternatives. The post-transaction elements consist of those elements that arise after the process of delivery has been fulfilled.   These elements include: call-out time, returns policy, availability of spares, product tracing, involving procedures, customer complaints and procedures, claims procedures and involving accuracy. Another classification of customer service elements is that one of multifunctional dimensions.   This classification has the objective of assessing the various components of customer service available across a range of the whole functions of the company so as to strive to gain a seamless service provision.   For instance, time is made up of a single requirement which covers the whole range of span from the placement of order to the delivery of the order – the order cycle. This approach has the impact of enabling the delivery of some very relevant measures of logistics.   The multifunctional dimensions include: dependability which means the guaranteed accurate and fixed delivery time, flexibility which is the logistics customer services ability to identify and respond to the changing needs of customers’ time that is usually order cycle time and communication which helps in the easy of order taking processes (Rushton, Oxley & Croucher, 2000). There elements of customer service differ and their significance will also vary according to the company, concerned market and the product.   Therefore, it is important that a customer service policy exists which will help in the undertaking of the various segments of the market that exists. The customer service policy also involve the awareness of the needs of customers or those of the segmentation; identification of clearly defined quantifiable standards available for customer service, understanding any trade – off that may exist between the levels of customer service and that of the costs, measuring the service that is provided and lastly liaison with customers so as to enhance an appreciated and understanding of the provided service (Rushton, Oxley & Croucher, 2000). How logistics customer service affect a company’s sales and customer loyalty Customer service involves ways in which an organization deals with its customers and it is mostly seen in sales and after-sale service.   Customer service in logistics should also include all the processes that are involved in the value chain.   To acquire customer focus, there is need to obtain a good customer service.   Poor customer relations on the other hand are as a result of the availability of poor customer service (Peck & Christopher, 2003). Increasing levels of competitive pressure and difficulty with the aim of maintaining and increasing profitability is what most of today’s companies face.   The management of these companies are being faced with the challenges of innovating and seeking strategies that could help in the advancement of the competitive advantage and profitability of their awareness of the significance of logistics in their organizations hence the need for a specialist. Logistics customer service plays a very crucial role in the overall outcome of a company’s sales and customer loyalty.   The outcome could be negative or positive depending on the quality of the customer service that is being provided by an organization.   Poor customer service in logistics could result in poor customer loyal.   The poor services include high costs, poor delivery time, and poor goods that the company could be offering, lack of enough inventory among other things.   This not only affects customer relations and loyalty but also the sales of the company (Peck & Christopher, 2003). The earlier on discussed elements of logistics customer service play a very crucial role to the buyers of the products in the company.   Lack of adherence to these elements by an organization often leads to the fall in the overall company’s sales and customer loyalty.   Profitability of the firm depends on how a company handles carriers out these elements. An organization is bound to gain loyalty from its customers when it strives to strengthen the relationship between them as this will enhance the company’s sales hence profitability is increased.   This relationship involves good communication and honesty from the logistics customer care service loyalty can only be enhanced through good customer service provision.   Customer loyalty is bound to deteriorate if they are offered with poor services or the company’s sales are such that they are too high as compared to their expectations of the goods and services that a company provides (Peck & Christopher, 2003). Customer service plays a vital role in logistics hence its major concern.   The level and quality of logistic customer service provided will directly impact on the company’s cost and implication, its profitability and the market share.   Poor logistic customer service will result in the company’s lose of customer hence losing their loyalty as well.   The end result therefore means that the company will have to incur high costs in trying to shape its image and also in the recruitment of other personnel. The company has also got to strive in order to increase its market share.   On the other hand effective logistic customer care will result in the improved market share, profitability and low cost incurred by an organization (Peck & Christopher, 2003). Customer service in logistics and be viewed as an activity which means what a company actually provides for its customer service department that mostly handles special orders, billing, complaints among other things.   Similarly the provision of customer service can also be viewed as a measure of a company’s performance.   For instance if a company can deliver completed orders at least 24 hours of the receipt and 95% on time, this means that this company provides good customer service. It is therefore, important that the logistics customer service provides quality service in the manner in which they handle customer’s complaints, handling their orders and the speed of delivery.   This will have a positive impact on the company’s sale and customer loyalty (Gourdin, 2006). In addition, if the logistics customer service system is managed in a way that it can provide the customers the level and standard of services that they require, this will   result into customer satisfaction hence accompany is able to reap maximum benefits and at the same time retain the loyalty of its customers. Another factor that determines how logistic customer service impacts on company’s sales and customer loyalty is honesty.   Honesty means that an organization should be able to fulfill its promises to its customers.   If a company pledges more than what it can guarantee, it means that the customers will get dissatisfied.   This as a result, will lead to the fall of the number of customers that a company has hence, losing the customer’s loyalty and this eventually leads to a fall in the company’s sales.   It is therefore important that manager do not overstate the services they intend to offer their customers (Gourdin, 2006) To conclude, in today’s market, competition is stiff and customers are more demanding with regards to goods and services that are offered by companies.   The expectations concerning service provisions and this therefore calls for the understanding of what is valued by the customers and also a company needs to focus on the processes so that this value is delivery consistently. References Gourdin, K., (2006) Glogal Logistics Management: A Competitive Advantage for the 21st Century. Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405127139. Peak, H. & Christopher, M. (2003) Marketing Logistics. Elsevier. ISBN 0750652241. Rushton, A., Oxley, J., & Croucher, P., (2000).   The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Manage.   Kogan Page. ISBN 0749433655.

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Essays

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Essays Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Paper Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Paper HIROSHIMA The non-fiction book Hiroshima by John Hersey is an engaging text with a powerful message in it. The book is a biographical text about lives of six people Miss Sasaki, Dr. Fujii, Mrs. Nakamura, Father Kleinsorge, Dr. Sasaki and Rev. Tanimoto in Hiroshima, Japan and how their lives completely changed at 8:15 on the 6th of August 1945 by the dropping of the first atomic bomb. The author, John Hersey, through his use of descriptive language the in book Hiroshima exposes the many horrors of a nuclear attack. Through the shocking and troubling graphic detail of human suffering and the physical effect of radiation and burns caused by the dropping of the atomic bomb Hersey exposes to the reader the deeply disturbing physical impact of a nuclear attack. In the book when Hersey writes about Mr. Tanimoto helping people out of the river he uses the sentence, He reached down and took a woman by the hands but her skin slipped off in a huge glove like piece, to shock the reader with something a person would only expect to find in a horror movie. By him putting that sentence in the text Hersey exposes the physical effect a nuclear attack has on the human body and suggest we should never let this happen again. When the characters of miss Sasaki, a clerk in her young twenties who is crushed by a bookshelves that fall on her from the impact of the bomb and is severely injured and left crippled the author show that the bomb didn’t only affect people be directly burning them or by radiation but also by the structural damage. Another sentence John Hersey uses to expose the physical impact of a nuclear attack is, their faces were wholly burned, their eye sockets were hollow, and the fluid from their melted eyes had run down their cheeks. Through this sentence Hersey again shocks the reader with the graphic detail of human suffering caused by the nuclear attack. In the book Hiroshima the author not only exposes the physical impacts right after the bomb but also weeks and years after the nuclear attack. The effect of radiation caused by the atomic bomb on people for most lasted for the rest of there live and often was the cause of the death and for those who had children affected some of there children. One of the six people interviewed, Father Kleinsorge who had only suffered minor cuts when the bomb had been dropped, a month later they still hadn’t healed and was suffering from high fever and abdominal pain and low white cell count. But his character couldn’t receive the one thing which would have probably helped, a blood transfusion because with atomic bomb patients they weren’t sure that if you stick needles in them they’ll stop bleeding. By telling the reader about Father Kleinsorge Hersey shows the reader that the nuclear attack caused many people to suffer from radiation sick months after the actual bombing and the irony is that one of thing that could save them could also kill them. The author also tells us that by 1950 the incidence of leukemia in hibakusha (survivors of the atomic bomb) was between ten and fifteen time above the normal, this was five years after the bomb had hit Hiroshima. Hersey does this to show the reader that even for those that are lucky enough to escape death and the terrible burns from the bomb they still are affected physically by the effect of radiation sickness and also other sicknesses caused by the radiation from the bomb. Hersey not only expose the physical impact of a nuclear attack in his book Hiroshima but also the emotional impact the dropping of a atomic bomb has on people and a society. The character of miss Sasaki who was left crippled by the dropping of the bomb suffered more from the emotional impact of the bomb the just the physical. Hersey exposes to the reader that after the had nuclear attack left her crippled it also left her feeling hopeless. Being unable to walk properly for the rest of her life, Miss Sasaki knew that she wouldn’t be able to take care of her family anymore and that her chances of ever getting married had reduced, which in her society meant a lot because married women had a higher statue then those which were unmarried. All of this left Miss Sasaki depressed for a long time. By Hersey including this in his book he expose to the reader that a nuclear attack has a huge effect on people emotionally for years after the actual attack even if they’re not severely physically affect. The story of Mrs. Nakamura is another example Hersey uses to expose the emotional impact of the dropping of an atomic bomb. After the bomb is dropped it leaves the Nakamura with out much money and Mrs. Nakamura in one part off the book is forced to sell her dead husband’s sewing machine to pay for doctor bills. In the book she describes this as the lowest and saddest moment of her whole life. The bomb leaving them with nothing forces Mrs. Nakamura to do anything she can to care for herself and family which leaves her very emotionally distort. Hersey tell the reader this part of Mrs. Nakamura story to show the reader that even after the immediate damage the bomb still inflects emotional horror to those lucky enough to escape the physical impact of the bomb. The book Hiroshima also expose to the reader the sever psychological impact of the dropping of an atomic bomb. After the bomb had left a hundred thousand people dead in Hiroshima, Dr. Sasaki and Mr. Tanimoto were left wondering why they had survived while so many others had perished. On the day of the bombing Mr. Tanimoto spent most of his time helping people but in one part of the book when he was walking in the dark he tripped over an injured person. The book described him as feeling ashamed of hurting wounded people, embarrassed at being able to walk upright. Dr. Sasaki moved away from Hiroshima six years after the bomb to withdraw form the effect of being a hibakusha and the awful memories. But for his whole life he tried to forget yet couldn’t fully. He was still haunted by his failure to properly label all the dead to the Red Cross hospital so they could be properly honored. The Author shows the reader the damaging psychological impact the bomb had on those that had survived and had guilt over deaths that weren’t there fault simply because of the fact that they didn’t die like the rest. By Hersey exposing the psychological effect he also exposes to the reader that the effect of a nuclear attack can last for the rest of people lives. The dropping of the first atomic bomb not only had horrible effects on people but also a huge structural impact on there home. hey found that the power exerted by the explosion was 5. 3 tons per square yard and substances like mice which had a melting point of nine hundred degrees Celsius had fused with granite 80 yards from the center. The heat released by the bomb of six thousand degrees Celsius had pretty much destroyed every structure that it came in contact with which included thousands of peoples home and hundred hospitals. By Hersey telling the reader about the enormous structural damaged caused by the bo mb he not only tells about buildings being destroyed ut also lives. Thousands of people were left homeless and for the survivors a lot of the hospitals were destroyed leaving them with only a few places to get aid which resulted in many people not getting the help they needed. Hersey tells the reader this so they get the full impact of an atomic bomb. Through his uses of descriptive language Hersey exposes to the reader the physical, emotional, Psychological and structural damage caused by a nuclear attack. He shows the reader how peoples are physically changed but also how emotional psychologically scared by this act of horror. Through Hersey’s graphic detail of the horror after the bomb and the effects years after he shock the reader while also give the message that we shouldn’t let this happen again. In the book Hiroshima the author John Hersey exposes that a nuclear attack is not simply a disaster that fades away when the rubble is removed and buildings are rebuilt but an act of horror that changes the course of people’s live.

Globalization and Implementation Summary Plan Essay

Globalization and Implementation Summary Plan - Essay Example The strategy for globalizing the distribution of natural resources can be modeled based on the European Model, whereby they allow specific countries to specialize in the production of certain products and materials. This allows the EU as an organization to be more efficient collectively by managing who has the comparative advantage, and decreasing the regional competition in pursuit of cooperation. Modeling the global community based on the EU allows politicians and statisticians to identify effective courses whereby they could effectively achieve a global equilibrium. This strategy flies in the face of existing policy held by the International Monetary Fund that forces developing nations who accept loans to privatize their water supply. This requires states to leverage control of their resources in order to maximize the benefit to the human population. The human population is indeed the intrinsic value of the globalization movement. The elimination of boarders necessarily means that the notion of citizenship must be deconstructed. This could perhaps serve as the best defense against war. National identities can no longer be deployed as a scapegoat to justify war. In fact, the only plausible use for a military would be for humanitarian intervention.

Business Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Law Questions - Essay Example This is different from Public companies where the shares are offered on a public stock exchange (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007). Another advantage would be that to form a Private Limited Company the minimum requirement is to have members with an upper limit of 50. In contrast, public Companies require a minimum of seven members with an unlimited upper limit. They are currently three partners and this is enough to form a Private Limited Company. Changing the business to a Private Limited Company enables the business to be able to source for funds from a wider scope than before. They can still obtain funds from family and friends, but now come into consideration from financial institutions. Companies are able to obtain better loans as they tend to have better credit scores when compared with other forms of business like partnerships. This is similar to Public Companies. The main difference is that Public Companies can raise more funds since their books of account are open to the public. Thi s increases the chances of getting debt financing. In forming a company they will enjoy the benefits of having limited liability, Salomon vs. A. Salomon & Co Ltd (1897). A limited company is limited to the extent of the shares held by each individual shareholder. In the case the company winds up, the only claim creditors can have is to the extent of unpaid up share capital. This is because in law, a company is a legal entity in its own right and is separate from the shareholders (Shtein & Lindgren, 1984). This also enables a continued existence even with the incapacitation of a shareholder (Adams, 2008). In the previous partnership, any event leading to the incapacitation of a single shareholder would have led to winding up of the business. In case they would like to expand further, the upper limit of 50 members enables the company to source for more funds by allowing interested members to subscribe.